Skip to content
Back to home
Clinical Technique Reference

Obturation Techniques

Evidence-based obturation techniques for root canal filling: single cone with bioceramic sealers, warm vertical compaction, carrier-based systems, and lateral compaction. Includes sealer comparison, GP matching, quality verification, and troubleshooting.

4 techniquesSealer comparisonEvidence-backed

Last updated: 12 Feb 2026

1. Single Cone + Bioceramic Sealer

When to Choose

  • Simple anatomy, single-canal teeth, round canals matched to the last instrument
  • Fastest obturation technique — ideal for high-volume practices
  • Well-suited for bioceramic sealers that expand slightly on setting, providing a hydraulic seal

Armamentarium

  • Master GP cone matching final shaping file
  • Bioceramic sealer (BioRoot RCS, TotalFill BC, AH Plus Bioceramic, EndoSequence BC, or CeraSeal)
  • Lentulo spiral or syringe tip for sealer placement
  • System B or heated plugger for searing excess GP at orifice

Step-by-Step

1

Dry canal with paper points

Confirm no bleeding or exudate. The canal must be dry before obturation.

2

Fit master cone to working length

Verify tug-back at WL. The cone should seat passively and resist withdrawal with gentle pull.

3

Coat apical 3–4 mm of cone with bioceramic sealer

Apply a thin, uniform layer. Sealer should fill the gap — not the cone.

4

Insert cone to full WL

Slowly seat with slight apical pressure. Do not force past working length.

5

Sear excess GP at orifice level

Use System B or heated plugger to remove excess GP at the orifice.

6

Compact with cold plugger

Apply light apical pressure to condense the GP coronally.

7

Verify with periapical radiograph

Confirm GP extends to WL with no voids or overextension.

Tips: Use the GP matching cone for your file system when available. If no tug-back, size up or use a down-pack technique. Sealer should fill the gap — not the cone.

Warning: Do NOT use bioceramic sealers in retreatment cases — they are extremely difficult to remove once set.

2. Warm Vertical Compaction – Continuous Wave

When to Choose

  • Moderate-to-complex anatomy, oval canals, multi-rooted teeth
  • Gold standard for 3D obturation — fills lateral canals and irregularities
  • Requires System B or E&Q Plus heat source

Armamentarium

  • System B / EHP plugger (fine / fine-medium)
  • Obtura III or backfill gun for injectable GP
  • GP master cone matching final shaping file
  • Sealer (AH Plus, bioceramic, or resin-based)
  • Cold hand pluggers (Machtou 1–4 or Buchanan)

Downpack

1

Fit master cone — tug-back at WL

Trim if needed. Confirm fit radiographically.

2

Select System B plugger

Choose a plugger that binds 3–5 mm short of WL.

3

Apply thin sealer coat to canal walls

Use a paper point or lentulo spiral. Minimal sealer is key.

4

Seat master cone to WL

Confirm full seating with gentle apical pressure.

5

Activate System B at 200°C — advance with steady pressure

Maintain constant apical force while the plugger softens and condenses the GP.

6

Reach binding point → hold 10 seconds → release trigger

Sustained pressure ensures GP flows into irregularities before it cools.

7

Activate briefly (1-second burst) and withdraw

This separates the GP cleanly at the plugger tip level.

8

Compact with cold plugger

Apply firm apical pressure to condense the remaining GP apically.

Backfill

1

Load Obtura gun with GP at 160–200°C

Ensure GP flows freely before placement.

2

Place needle 2 mm from compacted GP

Position the backfill needle tip within the canal space above the downpacked GP.

3

Inject GP in 3–4 mm increments

Compact each increment with a cold plugger before adding the next.

4

Fill to orifice level

Do not overfill. The coronal seal is completed by the final restoration.

Warning: Do not hold the heated plugger >10 seconds at any position — risk of thermal damage to the periodontal ligament. Keep total heat exposure minimal.

3. Carrier-Based Obturation

When to Choose

  • Fast, predictable fill for most anatomies
  • GuttaCore (Dentsply Sirona) uses cross-linked GP core; Thermafil uses a plastic carrier
  • Good for busy practices needing efficient, reliable obturation

Armamentarium

  • GuttaCore or Thermafil obturator matching final shaping file size
  • GuttaCore oven (ThermaPrep or SybronEndo)
  • Sealer (thin coat)
  • Thermacut bur for excess removal

Step-by-Step

1

Select obturator matching final file size

Verify with the included verifier — it must reach working length passively.

2

Apply thin sealer to canal walls

Use minimal sealer to avoid extrusion. A lentulo spiral or paper point works well.

3

Heat obturator in oven per manufacturer timing

Follow the exact heating time for the selected size. Overheating degrades the GP.

4

Insert in one continuous motion to WL

Do NOT stop during insertion. A single, smooth, continuous motion is critical for proper placement.

5

Hold firm apical pressure for 10 seconds

Maintains GP adaptation to canal walls as it cools.

6

Sear handle at orifice level

Use Thermacut bur or heated instrument to remove the handle and excess GP.

7

Compact coronally with cold plugger

Light pressure to ensure a dense coronal seal.

Tips: GuttaCore advantage: no plastic carrier, so retreatment is easier than Thermafil. Always verify with the verifier before heating. If resistance during insertion — do NOT force; remove and re-assess.

Warning: The carrier can push sealer beyond the apex. Use minimal sealer to reduce extrusion risk.

4. Lateral Compaction

When to Choose

  • Teaching technique — widely used in dental schools
  • Backup when warm obturation equipment is unavailable
  • Reliable but slower than warm techniques; good for larger canals

Armamentarium

  • Master GP cone matching final file
  • Accessory GP cones (fine / fine-medium / medium)
  • Finger spreader (size A or B)
  • Sealer and lentulo spiral

Step-by-Step

1

Fit master cone to WL — tug-back

Confirm apical fit radiographically.

2

Coat canal walls with sealer

Use lentulo spiral or paper point for even distribution.

3

Seat master cone

Insert to full working length with gentle apical pressure.

4

Place finger spreader alongside master cone

Press apically with lateral motion to create space for accessory cones.

5

Remove spreader and immediately place accessory cone

Fill the space created by the spreader before the GP rebounds.

6

Repeat spreader + accessory cone cycle

Continue until the spreader penetrates less than 3 mm into the canal.

7

Sear excess GP at orifice and compact

Use heated instrument to remove excess, then compact with cold plugger.

Tips: Cold GP does not flow into irregularities as well as warm techniques. Acceptable for simpler anatomy but not ideal for oval or C-shaped canals.

5. Sealer Reference Guide

CategoryExamplesSetting TimeWorking TimeKey Properties
BioceramicBioRoot RCS, TotalFill BC, EndoSequence BC, CeraSeal4–10 hours30+ minBiocompatible, hydrophilic, slight expansion, excellent sealing
Resin-basedAH Plus, AH Plus Bioceramic, ADSeal8–12 hours4–8 hoursGold standard, adhesive, radiopaque, low solubility
Calcium hydroxideSealapex, Apexit Plus2–3 weeks30+ minAntimicrobial, biocompatible, more soluble
ZOETubli-Seal, Pulp Canal Sealer2–4 hours20–30 minAntimicrobial, irritant, stains, being replaced by newer materials

6. GP Cone Matching by File System

Match your GP cone to the file system used for shaping. Manufacturer-matched cones provide the best fit and tug-back consistency.

File SystemMatching GPNotes
ProTaper GoldProTaper Gold GP (F1–F5)Size-matched to each finishing file
ProTaper UltimateProTaper Ultimate Conform Fit (F1–FXL)Conform Fit design for bioceramic sealers
ProTaper NextProTaper Next GP (X1–X5)Variable taper matching
WaveOne GoldWaveOne Gold GP (S, P, M, L)Reciprocating-matched cones
Reciproc BlueReciproc GP (R25, R40, R50)Reciprocating-matched
TruNatomyTruNatomy GP (S, P, M)Slim geometry matching
HyFlex EDMISO standard cones (.04, .06 taper)Use ISO cones matching tip/taper
XP-endo ShaperXP-endo Finisher + ISO 30/.04Unique: use .04 taper GP
EndoArt ActionISO standard cones matching tip/taperUse ISO cones
EndoArt TouchISO standard cones matching tip/taperUse ISO cones
EndoArt SmartISO standard cones matching tip/taperUse ISO cones
EndoArt ExpertISO standard cones matching tip/taperUse ISO cones
VDW.ROTATEVDW.ROTATE GP (25–40/.04)Matched cone system
One CurveOne Curve GP (25/.06)Single file, single cone
TF AdaptiveTF Adaptive GP (SM/ML)Size-matched to file selection
ZenFlexZenFlex GP (20–30/.04–.06)ISO-compatible cones

7. Quality Verification

Radiographic Checklist

1

GP extends to radiographic apex (within 0–2 mm of apex)

2

No voids visible in obturation body

3

Uniform density throughout canal length

4

Sealer film thickness appears minimal

5

No overextension beyond apex

6

All canals obturated (check for missed canals)

When to Redo

  • Significant voids within the obturation body
  • Short fill >2 mm from working length
  • Massive overextension with symptoms
  • Missed canal identified on post-operative radiograph

8. Common Errors & Troubleshooting

Short Fill

Causes: Premature GP searing, short working length, ledge formation
Fix: Re-instrument to working length, re-obturate
Prevention: Verify working length before obturation; confirm cone fit at WL

Overfill / Extrusion

Causes: Overextended master cone, excess sealer, no apical stop
Fix: Observe if asymptomatic (bioceramic); surgical intervention if symptomatic
Prevention: Proper cone fit with tug-back test; minimal sealer application

Voids

Causes: Insufficient compaction, dry sealer, air entrapment
Fix: Redo obturation with proper technique
Prevention: Adequate compaction technique, proper sealer consistency

Sealer Puff

Causes: Excess sealer, lateral canal communication, open apex
Fix: Usually self-resolving; follow up clinically and radiographically
Prevention: Minimal sealer application; controlled placement technique

Disclaimer

This information is for educational purposes only. Obturation technique selection should be adapted to individual clinical situations, canal anatomy, and operator experience. Always follow manufacturer instructions and clinical judgment.