Obturation Techniques
Evidence-based obturation techniques for root canal filling: single cone with bioceramic sealers, warm vertical compaction, carrier-based systems, and lateral compaction. Includes sealer comparison, GP matching, quality verification, and troubleshooting.
Last updated: 12 Feb 2026
1. Single Cone + Bioceramic Sealer
When to Choose
- Simple anatomy, single-canal teeth, round canals matched to the last instrument
- Fastest obturation technique — ideal for high-volume practices
- Well-suited for bioceramic sealers that expand slightly on setting, providing a hydraulic seal
Armamentarium
- Master GP cone matching final shaping file
- Bioceramic sealer (BioRoot RCS, TotalFill BC, AH Plus Bioceramic, EndoSequence BC, or CeraSeal)
- Lentulo spiral or syringe tip for sealer placement
- System B or heated plugger for searing excess GP at orifice
Step-by-Step
Dry canal with paper points
Confirm no bleeding or exudate. The canal must be dry before obturation.
Fit master cone to working length
Verify tug-back at WL. The cone should seat passively and resist withdrawal with gentle pull.
Coat apical 3–4 mm of cone with bioceramic sealer
Apply a thin, uniform layer. Sealer should fill the gap — not the cone.
Insert cone to full WL
Slowly seat with slight apical pressure. Do not force past working length.
Sear excess GP at orifice level
Use System B or heated plugger to remove excess GP at the orifice.
Compact with cold plugger
Apply light apical pressure to condense the GP coronally.
Verify with periapical radiograph
Confirm GP extends to WL with no voids or overextension.
Tips: Use the GP matching cone for your file system when available. If no tug-back, size up or use a down-pack technique. Sealer should fill the gap — not the cone.
Warning: Do NOT use bioceramic sealers in retreatment cases — they are extremely difficult to remove once set.
2. Warm Vertical Compaction – Continuous Wave
When to Choose
- Moderate-to-complex anatomy, oval canals, multi-rooted teeth
- Gold standard for 3D obturation — fills lateral canals and irregularities
- Requires System B or E&Q Plus heat source
Armamentarium
- System B / EHP plugger (fine / fine-medium)
- Obtura III or backfill gun for injectable GP
- GP master cone matching final shaping file
- Sealer (AH Plus, bioceramic, or resin-based)
- Cold hand pluggers (Machtou 1–4 or Buchanan)
Downpack
Fit master cone — tug-back at WL
Trim if needed. Confirm fit radiographically.
Select System B plugger
Choose a plugger that binds 3–5 mm short of WL.
Apply thin sealer coat to canal walls
Use a paper point or lentulo spiral. Minimal sealer is key.
Seat master cone to WL
Confirm full seating with gentle apical pressure.
Activate System B at 200°C — advance with steady pressure
Maintain constant apical force while the plugger softens and condenses the GP.
Reach binding point → hold 10 seconds → release trigger
Sustained pressure ensures GP flows into irregularities before it cools.
Activate briefly (1-second burst) and withdraw
This separates the GP cleanly at the plugger tip level.
Compact with cold plugger
Apply firm apical pressure to condense the remaining GP apically.
Backfill
Load Obtura gun with GP at 160–200°C
Ensure GP flows freely before placement.
Place needle 2 mm from compacted GP
Position the backfill needle tip within the canal space above the downpacked GP.
Inject GP in 3–4 mm increments
Compact each increment with a cold plugger before adding the next.
Fill to orifice level
Do not overfill. The coronal seal is completed by the final restoration.
Warning: Do not hold the heated plugger >10 seconds at any position — risk of thermal damage to the periodontal ligament. Keep total heat exposure minimal.
3. Carrier-Based Obturation
When to Choose
- Fast, predictable fill for most anatomies
- GuttaCore (Dentsply Sirona) uses cross-linked GP core; Thermafil uses a plastic carrier
- Good for busy practices needing efficient, reliable obturation
Armamentarium
- GuttaCore or Thermafil obturator matching final shaping file size
- GuttaCore oven (ThermaPrep or SybronEndo)
- Sealer (thin coat)
- Thermacut bur for excess removal
Step-by-Step
Select obturator matching final file size
Verify with the included verifier — it must reach working length passively.
Apply thin sealer to canal walls
Use minimal sealer to avoid extrusion. A lentulo spiral or paper point works well.
Heat obturator in oven per manufacturer timing
Follow the exact heating time for the selected size. Overheating degrades the GP.
Insert in one continuous motion to WL
Do NOT stop during insertion. A single, smooth, continuous motion is critical for proper placement.
Hold firm apical pressure for 10 seconds
Maintains GP adaptation to canal walls as it cools.
Sear handle at orifice level
Use Thermacut bur or heated instrument to remove the handle and excess GP.
Compact coronally with cold plugger
Light pressure to ensure a dense coronal seal.
Tips: GuttaCore advantage: no plastic carrier, so retreatment is easier than Thermafil. Always verify with the verifier before heating. If resistance during insertion — do NOT force; remove and re-assess.
Warning: The carrier can push sealer beyond the apex. Use minimal sealer to reduce extrusion risk.
4. Lateral Compaction
When to Choose
- Teaching technique — widely used in dental schools
- Backup when warm obturation equipment is unavailable
- Reliable but slower than warm techniques; good for larger canals
Armamentarium
- Master GP cone matching final file
- Accessory GP cones (fine / fine-medium / medium)
- Finger spreader (size A or B)
- Sealer and lentulo spiral
Step-by-Step
Fit master cone to WL — tug-back
Confirm apical fit radiographically.
Coat canal walls with sealer
Use lentulo spiral or paper point for even distribution.
Seat master cone
Insert to full working length with gentle apical pressure.
Place finger spreader alongside master cone
Press apically with lateral motion to create space for accessory cones.
Remove spreader and immediately place accessory cone
Fill the space created by the spreader before the GP rebounds.
Repeat spreader + accessory cone cycle
Continue until the spreader penetrates less than 3 mm into the canal.
Sear excess GP at orifice and compact
Use heated instrument to remove excess, then compact with cold plugger.
Tips: Cold GP does not flow into irregularities as well as warm techniques. Acceptable for simpler anatomy but not ideal for oval or C-shaped canals.
5. Sealer Reference Guide
| Category | Examples | Setting Time | Working Time | Key Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bioceramic | BioRoot RCS, TotalFill BC, EndoSequence BC, CeraSeal | 4–10 hours | 30+ min | Biocompatible, hydrophilic, slight expansion, excellent sealing |
| Resin-based | AH Plus, AH Plus Bioceramic, ADSeal | 8–12 hours | 4–8 hours | Gold standard, adhesive, radiopaque, low solubility |
| Calcium hydroxide | Sealapex, Apexit Plus | 2–3 weeks | 30+ min | Antimicrobial, biocompatible, more soluble |
| ZOE | Tubli-Seal, Pulp Canal Sealer | 2–4 hours | 20–30 min | Antimicrobial, irritant, stains, being replaced by newer materials |
6. GP Cone Matching by File System
Match your GP cone to the file system used for shaping. Manufacturer-matched cones provide the best fit and tug-back consistency.
| File System | Matching GP | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ProTaper Gold | ProTaper Gold GP (F1–F5) | Size-matched to each finishing file |
| ProTaper Ultimate | ProTaper Ultimate Conform Fit (F1–FXL) | Conform Fit design for bioceramic sealers |
| ProTaper Next | ProTaper Next GP (X1–X5) | Variable taper matching |
| WaveOne Gold | WaveOne Gold GP (S, P, M, L) | Reciprocating-matched cones |
| Reciproc Blue | Reciproc GP (R25, R40, R50) | Reciprocating-matched |
| TruNatomy | TruNatomy GP (S, P, M) | Slim geometry matching |
| HyFlex EDM | ISO standard cones (.04, .06 taper) | Use ISO cones matching tip/taper |
| XP-endo Shaper | XP-endo Finisher + ISO 30/.04 | Unique: use .04 taper GP |
| EndoArt Action | ISO standard cones matching tip/taper | Use ISO cones |
| EndoArt Touch | ISO standard cones matching tip/taper | Use ISO cones |
| EndoArt Smart | ISO standard cones matching tip/taper | Use ISO cones |
| EndoArt Expert | ISO standard cones matching tip/taper | Use ISO cones |
| VDW.ROTATE | VDW.ROTATE GP (25–40/.04) | Matched cone system |
| One Curve | One Curve GP (25/.06) | Single file, single cone |
| TF Adaptive | TF Adaptive GP (SM/ML) | Size-matched to file selection |
| ZenFlex | ZenFlex GP (20–30/.04–.06) | ISO-compatible cones |
7. Quality Verification
Radiographic Checklist
GP extends to radiographic apex (within 0–2 mm of apex)
No voids visible in obturation body
Uniform density throughout canal length
Sealer film thickness appears minimal
No overextension beyond apex
All canals obturated (check for missed canals)
When to Redo
- Significant voids within the obturation body
- Short fill >2 mm from working length
- Massive overextension with symptoms
- Missed canal identified on post-operative radiograph
8. Common Errors & Troubleshooting
Short Fill
Overfill / Extrusion
Voids
Sealer Puff
References
- Trope M, et al. “Single-cone obturation with bioceramic sealers” — Int Endod J (2024)
- Schilder H. “Filling root canals in three dimensions” — J Endod (1967, classic)
- Tay FR, Pashley DH. “Monoblocks in root canals — a hypothetical or tangible goal” — J Endod (2007)
- Zielinski T, et al. “Sealer penetration and adaptation with warm vertical vs single cone” — J Endod (2023)
- Al-Haddad A, Che Ab Aziz ZA. “Bioceramic-based root canal sealers: a review” — Int J Biomater (2016)
- Jain P. “GuttaCore: clinical perspectives on carrier-based obturation” — Dental Update (2022)
Disclaimer
This information is for educational purposes only. Obturation technique selection should be adapted to individual clinical situations, canal anatomy, and operator experience. Always follow manufacturer instructions and clinical judgment.